ArcPad在营造林外业调查系统中的应用

详细介绍了ArcPad在支持GIS的PDA设备中的应用技术,以营造林外业调查系统为例,详细给出了通过ArcPad结合空间数据库在PDA设备中构建营造林外业调查系统的方法和步骤。     

The routes to fruit: Governance of urban food trees in Canada

Interest in planting urban food trees (UFTs) in public spaces is growing in popularity as a form of urban greening and a potential food source. Currently there is minimal research on the governance and policy aspects of integrating food trees into cities. To fill this gap, we investigated the characteristics of UFT site governance and how it compares to current urban forest governance. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with relevant municipal officials in Calgary, Edmonton, Toronto and Victoria about their perspectives and involvement with UFT sites in their city. A scan of policy documents was completed to supplement the interviews. The interviews were analyzed using a deductive coding framework based on the Policy Arrangement Approach. We found that key actors at the UFT sites were local organizations and site champions, with minimal municipal engagement. Most site resources provided by municipalities were in-kind. There are also basic knowledge gaps about how to care for UFTs. Currently municipal by-laws prohibit the harvesting and removal of plant material, and are at odds with the purpose of UFT sites, with few municipalities fully integrating UFTs in policies. The primary discussion around UFTs centre concerns for public health and safety, management, and use of public space with limited discussions of benefits. This research demonstrates the value of co-governance models to support UFTs, while a shift in focus from risks to benefits could encourage additional resources and policy integration. Further, including UFTs into policy would also support foraging and food tree maintenance in public spaces, and more fully reflect the plurality of urban forest engagement.     

内蒙古桦木沟林场不同地貌野生花卉资源分布

内蒙古桦木沟林场地形地貌类型广泛,野花资源丰富,尚未得到有效开发。为了解野生花卉资源习性和生物学特征,开发利用野花资源,在路径调查的基础上,采用典型样地调查法,调查分析了其野花资源分布。共调查野花资源177种,隶属于40科129属,菊科、豆科、毛茛科等种类和种群数量较丰富。不同地貌Margalef丰富度指数1.35~8.28,Shannon-Wiener指数变异范围1.42~2.59,Simpson指数为0.59~0.96,湿地草甸、疏林草地物种多样性丰富,沙地多样性最低。湿度、光照等是影响野花多样性分布的重要因素。林场分布着丰富而有较大开发价值的喜光、耐荫、耐涝、喜湿、耐旱等不同生态型野生花卉。部分野生花卉资源濒危,亟需保护。     

湖南桃花源国家森林公园森林景观改造规划

通过对湖南桃花源国家森林公园植被及森林景观的现状分析,在剖析其设计理念与构思的基础上,结合森林公园总体规划布局,采取补植、封育、更新、抚育、综合改造等具体植被改造措施,达到绿化、美化、多样化的森林景观的提质改造建设目标。     

国家级公益林区划成果落界探讨——以兰州市为例

按照国家及甘肃省技术要求、工作流程进行了兰州市国家级公益林区划落界工作,结果为兰州市国家级公益林本期区划落界132611.07 hm^2,剔除了2013年上报中的16104.46 hm^2,在林地类型、区位、权属等方面更符合国家级公益林的条件要求,从地类、生态区位等方面还分析了国家级公益林的面积结构。     

土地确权对农户地权稳定性感知的影响——基于村庄内土地不平等视角的分析

稳定的农地产权能够激励农户农地投资,有助于促进农地资源可持续利用和农业可持续发展。土地确权是稳定农地产权的重要正式制度安排,即稳定地权是新一轮土地确权承载的重要功能。基于诱致性制度变迁理论和社会心理学理论,以黄土高原苹果优势区为研究对象,利用实地调研数据,采用Logit和Ologit模型,从村庄内家庭土地不平等视角分析土地确权对农户地权稳定性感知的影响及其作用机制,探讨新一轮农地确权的地权稳定效应。结果表明,在研究区域,33.79%的农户已完成新一轮土地确权颁证,62.64%的农户认为研究地块在未来不会被重新调整,即感知的地权稳定性水平较高。新一轮土地确权显著强化了农户的地权稳定性感知,且在控制村庄内土地不平等的情境中具有更高的强化效果;村庄内家庭土地不平等对农户地权稳定性感知具有显著的弱化效应,且土地不平等在土地确权对农户地权稳定性感知的影响中具有负向调节作用。因此,在"三权分置"产权制度改革中,政府应重视规范土地确权程序,加强产权制度改革宣传和信息披露,同时,注重以政策调整和市场配置相结合的方式,降低土地不平等造成的负面影响,强化土地产权制度改革的政策效果。     

高寒丘陵区不同退耕年限人工林形质评价

基于时空互代法研究不同退耕年限对青海东部人工林形质的影响，为高寒丘陵区人工林经营及多功能利用提供理论依据。在青海东部西宁市大通县设置青杨、祁连圆柏、青海云杉和华北落叶松典型人工林试验样地，开展退耕年限10、20 a和30 a样地调查。以生长情况、侧枝情况和土壤养分情况作为退耕还林林木形质评价指标，运用层次分析法构建林木形质的评价体系，对4种人工林林木形质进行综合评价。干形情况对林木形质的影响最大，贡献率占0.603；生长情况对其影响次之，贡献率占0.337；侧枝情况对其影响较小，贡献率仅占0.060；16个评价指标在林木形质评价中的权重大小依次为健康情况(0.674 9)＞自然整枝能力(0.598 8)＞土壤有机质(0.578 7)＞通直度(0.526 5)＞分杈情况(0.348 0)＞土壤K(0.232 5)＞侧枝平均基径(0.202 7)＞胸径年均生长量(0.176 9)＞枝粗指数(0.150 6)＞土壤N(0.139 2)＞树高平均生长量(0.107 6)＞高径比(0.071 5)＞尖削度(0.054 0)＞土壤P(0.049 6)＞侧枝数(0.047 9)＞冠径比(0.040 7)；综合评价得分依次为青杨(81.67)>华北落叶松(80)>青海云杉(75)>祁连圆柏(60)。森林生态系统通过自我调节,其发育呈正向演替。高寒丘陵区人工林形质随退耕恢复年限增加呈先增加后减少趋势。前期造林(10 a)可迅速提高林地盖度；发育至20 a时，林地林木形质最优；退耕30 a，林下光照减少，下层出现竞争缺光,影响林地涵养水分功能发挥，影响林木形质。以层次分析法建立的林木形质评价体系可为高寒丘陵区人工林经营及多功能利用提供依据，为其他树种形质评价提供借鉴。     

太原市森林公园林带对空气PM2.5的净化效率

开展城市绿地滞尘效应研究对指导城市绿地建设具有重要科学意义。为了研究城市交通主干道周边绿地的滞尘效应，以太原市森林公园西侧紧邻滨河东路南北长600 m，东西宽100 m的针叶混交林带为研究对象，在林带最西侧与道路交界处设对照点（0 m），由西向东垂直于路面在林带内分别设置20、40、60、80 m 4个监测点，用中流量大气PM2.5采样器（100 L/min）在各点对PM_2.5进行日间采样，分析林带内PM_2.5浓度的变化特征并计算林带对PM_2.5的净化效率。结果表明:1）林带宽度影响其对大气PM_2.5的净化效率，从20~60 m的净化效率逐渐提高，80 m处略低于60 m；2）林带对局部空气PM_2.5净化效率与区域空气质量呈负相关，当空气质量为优良时，林带可以有效地降低局部PM_2.5，当空气质量为中重度污染时，林带20~40 m宽处会聚集较高浓度的PM_2.5；3）林带内分时段净化效率显示，9:30-11:00的净化效率最低，12:30-17:00净化效率较高，且15:30-17:00林内PM_2.5质量浓度最低，提示该时段适宜市民在公园内活动。     

广西县级林地变更调查试点技术方法

为探索广西县级林地年度变更调查技术方法,以鹿寨县为例,运用遥感自动检测技术、森林资源管理信息平台等,对地类及管理属性变化图斑进行变更,形成本期林地数据库和林地变化数据库。文章分析了林地变更调查的关键技术方法,指出了存在的问题,并提出相应的建议。     

Nutrient cycling and biomass flows in a low-quality forest stand improvement system in the Lesser Khingan Range of China

The material flow and bulk internal flow analyses were used to establish a material accumulation and cycling model for a low-quality forest stand improvement system and a series of processes were considered. The model was applied in a one-hectare low-quality forest plot in the Lesser Khingan Range of China. Results showed that during 1997–2007, the stands absorbed 270.19 kg of N, 74.28 kg of P, and 124.39 kg of K from soils, 51.82 kg of N and 2.38 kg of P were directly absorbed by foliage, and 16.25 kg of K was released to soils by eluviation. Until 2007, the accumulated nutrients in the stands included 236.91 kg of N, 65.28 kg of P, and 108.55 kg of K. When horizontal strip clearcutting was applied in 2007, 50% accumulated nutrients in the stands were shifted due to harvesting operations, and 212.74 kg of N, 26.97 kg of P, and 98.88 kg of K were accumulated in soils, declining by 9.47% for N, 3.68% for P, and 17.60% for K, respectively, compared with year 1997. 94.61 t per hectare of biomass was generated, of which the biomass in stands accounted for 87.36%. The felled tree biomass was 36.89 t per hectare, of which 84.90% and 10.03% of biomass were utilized in terms of logs and other means, and the rest was left on site.